Introduction to the New Testament
God, the inspirer and author of both Testaments, wisely arranged that the New Testament be hidden in the Old and the Old be made manifest in the New. Dei Verbum n. 16 Why Study the Bible? Why not take a look at the worlds best seller? It might make sense to take a look at something that claims to have eternal ramifications! It is all about understanding… not an easy thing!
Back to the Future
Imagine Michael J. Fox in his Delorean taking a sports page back to the deck of a pirate ship 150 years ago…The headline reads: Cubs maul Pirates! What would be the conclusions that are drawn? Would they understand the literal meaning of the headline?
Hermeneutics
The Art of Interpretation
The New Testament was written almost 2000 years ago in a culture and language quite different from our own.Communication is hard work and it is important for us in this class to try and develop the necessary skills to get a real sense of what is being conveyed. Philosophical perspectives affect us all, most people on a level that often goes unnoticed.
A Philosophical Framework
What is Philosophy?The etymologyPhilo (filial love) Sophia - WisdomThe Development of the Western MindTruth - Aleitheia - in GreekThe sense of this for the ancients entailed uncovering something that was hidden or not revealed. There were clear connotations of discovery
Ancient PresuppositionsMatter is neither created nor destroyed Interesting to note that modern physics is based on Greek Mythology In other words, matter is eternal The gods had there origin from the primordial chaos Humanity resulted in the action of the gods.What to make of this World View?
The gods were the best thing "in" the worldHumans were subject to the gods and the fate that the gods governed.
The Judeo-Christian World View
In the beginning there was a "formless void" --- no matter. Matter is not eternal but created by the eternal God. God is not "of" or "in" the world. God is Holy, God is "Other". Now the human person is the "best" thing in the world, subject to the God who created this reality
Early Christian Insight
In the early centuries the philosophy of the Greeks was valued, but corrected in the sense that matter was eternal Evil is understood as a reality without being – "No Thing" . . . Evil has no material component. Drawing from Plato and Aristotle insight was gleaned concerning the One, The Good, the Ideal forms. Truth was not subject to the human person, but the human person could "discover" the truth
The Middle Ages
This understanding of truth was developed and accepted as a legitimate insight. It lead to a highly technical "Scholastic" philosophy that ultimately elicited a reaction. Clear categories of Biblical Interpretation developed Literal Spiritual Anagogical Tropological Allegorical
The Renaissance
Cogito Ergo Sum – I think, therefore I am This ultimately led to the modern approach that sees truth subject to what we believe it to be. I Think therefore "IT" is! This kind of thinking led to the modern period.
The Modern Period
Now thinkers call into question the very existence of God and now the world view radically shifts. If God does exist, He doesn’t matter any more. God is not only other worldly, but is not even an issue Now the human person is sole arbiter of truth – this is not a good thing!
The World Views – A SummaryRudolf Bultmann
Seemingly influenced by Existentialism You really cannot get at truth Truth is essentially inaccessible in this view In one sense, our experience is "myth" This led to an attempt to "demythologize" the scriptures. Many relegate the scriptures to be more of a story than any kind of real historical record. There are insights, but there are dangers
Modern Interpretation
The Historical-Critical Method is widely used by most contemporary Biblical scholars. It is an extremely useful tool, but should never be the exclusive tool used by a Christian interpreter. A favorite insight gleaned from this method Christ on the Cross, "My God, My God, why have you forsaken Me?"
Importance of the Context
In Luke and John Jesus says, Into your hands I commend my Spirit and It is finished! (Consummated – the fourth cup) Luke and John are directed to the Gentile community This phrase is only found in the Gospels of Mark and Matthew. Mark and Matthew are directed to a Jewish audience, so they will be familiar with the Psalms After successfully negotiation a difficult trial a person would go to the Temple and pray the 22 Psalm
Limitations of HCM
From a Catholic perspective this HCM limits its interpretation to the Bible alone. This is problematic in light of the fact that the early Christians had no bible as such. The Bible is a book written by a community for a community. If we hope to accurately interpret it, it is helpful to do it in the context of the community that wrote it.
Dei Verbum
The Word of God The Sacred Scriptures St. Jerome said, ignorance of the Scriptures is ignorance of Christ d. 431 St. Thomas Aquinas said that the Sacred Scriptures are the very soul of our Sacred Theology The Sacred Tradition 2 Thes 2:15 "Therefore, brothers, stand firm and hold fast to the traditions that you were taught, either by an oral statement or by a letter of ours.
The New Testament
St Athanasius in the 300’s comes up with the list we use today for the New Testament. Most scholars date the New Testament between 50 – 100 AD There are many theories, and they are just that, nobody was there to be sure
The World of Jesus4 BC – 33 ADNomenclature
BC and BCE Before Christ Before the Common Era (politically correct option) AD and CE AD - Ad Dominum – In the Year of Our Lord CE – Common Era – (politically correct option)
The World of Jesus
The Political landscape Herod the Great Herod was an Idumean or Edomite a descendant of the Line of Esau the twin of Jacob (Israel) This is why Herod was not accepted by the Jews as a legitimate leader This lineage is key in some interpretations of the book of Revelation The Bible relates his fear of the newborn King This led to the encounter of the Holy Innocents By some estimates this entailed the destruction of 28 childrne
The World of Jesus
The Political Landscape (cont) Herod’s Descendants Archelaus (eldest son) ethnarch Governed Judea, Idumea and Samaria ( bulk of the Populaton) Herod Antipas (tetrarch) Governed Galilee and Perea Philip Governed east of the Jordan Philip’s Son, Herod Agrippa takes over in 37 Ad Herod Agrippa II (the grandson of Philip ruled until 95 AD Salome (Herod’s sister) Jamnia, Azotus, and the domain of Pasaelis in the Jordan Valley The Herodian dynasty consisted of 7 leaders from the time of Christ through the period of the destruction of the temple Some see this as an allusion to the 7 headed beast in Revelation
The World of Jesus
Rome – The empire Rome had great power as the result of its military prowess. Key to Rome was its sense of Justice SPQR – Senatus Populusque Romae – the Senate and People of Rome Rome understood itself as real civilization It ruled with iron discipline and severe laws
Emperors of Rome
Augustus Caeser 27 BC -14AD The birth of Jesus occurred during his reign Tiberias14-37 Gaius Caligula 37 - 41 Claudius 41-54 Nero 54-68 Galba 68-69 Ortho 69 Vitellius 69 Vespasian 69-79 Titus 79 -81 (General at the Destruction of Jerusalem – became co-regent in 71)
The Jewish Groups
Sadducees – no Resurrection Pharisees – Resurrection Zealots Essenes
Sadducee
The group tended to be literalists They did not believe in the bodily Resurrection The did not believe in angelic beings Often linked with Zadokite Priesthood
Pharisees
From P’rushim (separated ones) They believed in the Resurrection of the Dead They also believed in angelic spirits Paul (formerly Saul of Tarsus) was a pharisee
Zealots
Of this group is believed to be the Sacarri or dagger bearers They believed that they could achieve their ends through violent means ASIDE: What is the difference between terrorists and martyrs?
Essenes
Some see them closer to the Pharisees Known for their holiness code Seemed to be isolationists The Qumran community as it was known had writings (the Dead Sea Scrolls) There was a "Prophet of Righteousness" Likely practiced total celibacy Good chance why they all died out
Temple WorshipFrom: http://www.templemount.org/badillo/Passover
Commemorates the Exodus Event Unblemished Male lamb slaughtered Its blood on the (inside) of the door Allegorically represents the internal mark of believers Moses led the people out of Egypt with staff in hand They crossed the Red Sea (Reed Sea) They survived with the bread from Heaven (manna) They received the Law (Decalogue) – Ten Commandments The Seder Meal today marks this event Anybody been to a Seder Meal?
Temple Sacrifices
The cisterns would run with blood Today the Dome of the Rock is on the Temple mount You can see the areas where the blood of the sacrificed animals were channeled out At the height of the Temple period, it is said that the blood would be pouring out constantly. It became routine – Malichi criticizes the practice
Malichi 1 - 11
My people will offer me a pure offering -… not just offer things insincerely Catholic Christians see this fulfilled in Christ and what they call the Sacrifice of the Mass Jesus is made present in the context of the Passover on the night before He died. Zikaron – Anemnesis – Memorial – "Do this to make me present!
Messianic Hopes
From the document : the Assumption of Moses – messianic hopes are heightened – first century BC Judas Maccabeus raised the expectations of the political return to power for the Jewish people Jesus comes with a new hope, one that transcends history.
Hebrews and Oppression
Rome is in control and the Jewish people feel the pressure from taxes. Caesar Augustus – in the biblical narrative calls for a census – some scholars seem to suggest this is merely a literary device to get Jesus to Bethlehem (house of bread) I think it can be argued that a person may want to go to another region to pay taxes out of their ties to their ancestral homeland, and also to limit the tax base of where they live (Romans have less money to wage war
Assessing Scholarly Perspectives
Just because you read something in a book, you still must use your judgment regarding its credibility. Many scholars wanted to date the Gospel of John to about 120 AD, recent discovers made it clear that it is to be no later than 100 AD. Also many claimed it was not historically accurate in describing the temple, later evidence suggested the scholars were incorrect.
Hermeneutical CircleInterpretation is an artMessage is Conditioned
The sender or Author will try and communicate his or her message as best as possible The person needs to know the receiver It is important to speak the truth, but it must be spoken in a way in which it can be heard
Biblical Exegesis
Exegesis – to "read out" the meaning Source Criticism Attempt to determine the various sources of the particular scripture under study. In the Hebrew Scriptures the JEPD thesis Yahwist, Elohist, Priestly, Deuteronomy contributors
Various Criticisms
Form Criticism Prophetic Oracle Narrative Parable Psalm or Song – Liturgical Textual Criticism Looking at the variances in the original sources that are available Working knowledge of the original languages is essential
Hermeneutical Keys
Semiotic Analysis "O Great!" what does this phrase mean, only in the context can you determine if it is meant as an expression of great joy or disappointment The Headline in Pravda read something to the effect: The United States finished second to last, while the Great Soviet Republic took Second Place! They failed to include in the story that only two teams were competing in the event
Hidden Agendas
Rhetorical Analysis Rhetorical speech is intended to persuade That does not mean that the speech is inherently false. In today’s world we might call it spin The Gospel writers are directing their message to a specific community. It can be helpful at times to be aware of this.
Key Things to Note
There is no replacement for spending time with the text itself. If something raises questions in your mind about the text, it can be a great inspiration to spawn research. If you believe the bible is merely a piece of literature, it will certainly affect the way you treat it. If the inspired character of the Bible is held open to be at least a possibility, it opens up new vistas and broader insights for ones interpretation
The New Encyclical
God is Love – Scholarship put into practice www.vatican.va http://www.vatican.va/holy_father/benedict_xvi/encyclicals/documents/hf_ben-xvi_enc_20051225_deus-caritas-est_en.html
The Life of JesusWho do you say that I am?Miracle Stories
There is a tendency in modern scholarship to not accept the possibility of the miraculous There is commonly an attempt to look at natural phenomenon to explain the happinings Epilepsy (e.g. the Exorcism of Emily Rose) Or simple mental illness
Various Perspectives
Sources The Q Source Collected sayings of Jesus Theories of composition Most scholars think Mark was the first Gospel because it was the shortest Then Matthew and Luke supposedly drew from mark and the others sayings of Jesus
Apocryphal Sources
The Gospel of Thomas Believed to be from the Gnostics in the second century, likely 50 to 100 years after the composition of the Synoptic Gospels Some scholars believe it too drew from the Q source (Q from the German Quelle for source) The Gnostics tended to see themselves as better than others because of some hidden knowledge
The Minority Opinion
Some scholars claim to have found a Hebrew fragment of the Gospel of Matthew They believe that this points to evidence suggesting it was the first of the four Gospels. The Greek in Matthew some believe follow more Hebrew structure This suggests that the Greek text could be a translation of the original Hebrew
Faith is Key
Those who have faith No proof is necessary Those who do not have faith No proof is sufficient Faith radically affects the way you approach the text
Origins
From God (everything is God-incident) An angel is whispering in the ear of the evangelist and he or she is nothing more than a dictating machine The human author is moved by human events to relate the promptings of his or her heart. From Man (everything is Co-incident) People use religion as nothing more than a means to control and manipulate people
Narratives
This is a form that is intended to relate certain events in a historical way. An eyewitness account of sorts Apostles were chosen as the twelve because they were witnesses They were sent – the meaning of the word "apostles"
Parables
These are stories that are intended to convey a message through a story. They are not intended to be literal Easier for a Rich Man to pass through a needles eye, than to enter heaven The sower and the seed The Prodigal Son Who are the characters in the story in Luke Lazarus and the Rich Man
The Woman Caught in Adultery
John 8 Lets look at this story A perfect trap for the authorities If he condemns her, the Romans see Jesus as an insurrectionist If he does not he is discredited as a prophet Solution He writes in the sand To condemn someone, you needed a written decree
Jesus reveals the authorities duplicity
The authorities failed in following the law and procedures Jesus presumably is complying with the law He notes that those without sin should cast the first stone
Peter’s Betrayal and Response
Peter claims that he will never deny the Lord! Jesus says that before the cock crows three times – you will deny me three times! Peter’s initial response was to fight even though greatly outnumbered. He was fighting against hopeless odds, he cut off Malchus’ right ear (in John’s Gospel) Jesus reprimands Peter, "Put your sword back into its sheath It would seem clear that Peter would seem dejected, and truly confused, even stating "I really do not know what Jesus is about! For me, this places Peter’s betrayal in a different light
Do you love me Peter?
There is the famous encounter when Jesus gives Peter the ability to make up for his denial. Jesus asks Peter 3 times, do you love me? However this story loses a lot in the English translation There are several words for Love in Greek Eros – love of beauty – aesthetics Filial – Brotherly Love (philadelphia (brotherly love) Agape – Sacrificial love – giving up everything for the other
Do you love me Peter?
Jesus asks Peter "do you Love (agape) Peter responds, "I love (filial) like a brother The second time Jesus uses agape again Peter respond again with filial The Third time, Jesus lowers the bar, Pete, do you love (filial) Peter, as the account states, "was hurt that Jesus said do you love (filial) the third time", but nonetheless responded with (filial love)
Do you love me Peter?
Peter seems to realize how week he was and how imperfect his love was. Jesus though assures Peter that he will have the courage to love to the point of great sacrifice and indeed was foreshadowing the kind of death Peter was to endure.
The Preaching of Jesus
The KerygmaWhat was so unique about His Message?The Gospels
The Kerygma or central message of Jesus is most directly gleaned from the Gospels In the early Christian Church the four Gospels took on special precedence. They assembled them in the "Book of the Gospels" To this Day the Catholic Church uses the "Book of the Gospel’s in its liturgical rites From Antiquity the order found in the Bible was believed to be the order in which they were written
The Kingdom of God
The Kingdom of God The Kingdom of Heaven Both of these expressions effectively convey God’s interest in earthly affairs
Matthew
Originally Matthew was seen as the first record likely directed to a Jewish audience Jerome refers to a Hebrew version of Matthew Augustine sees Mark’s Gospel a summary of Matthew There is a detailed Genealogy in Matthew’s account
The Genealogy of Jesus
Abraham to David
Abraham Isaac Jacob Judah (Tamar( Daughter-in-law – conceived through deceit) Perez and Zerah Hezron Ram Amminadab Nahshon Salmon (Rahab – the Harlot) Boaz (Ruth) Obed Jesse King David (Bathsheba –wife of Uriah the Hittite)
From David to the Babylonian Exile
Solomon Rehoboam Abijah Asaph Jehoshaphat Joram Uzziah Jotham Ahaz Hezekiah Manasseh Amos Josiah Jechoniah (Babylonian Exil)
Babylonian Exile to Jesus
Jechoniah Shealtiel Zerubbabel Abiud Eliakim Azor Zadok Achim Eliud Eleazar Matthan Jacob Joseph Jesus
Augustine’s Explanation
Jechoniah is listed twice and the reason for that accounting stems from the reality that he was uprooted and so therefore it was necessary to count it from both geographical locations. Without such accounting there will be only 13 generations from the exile to Jesus
Interesting Notes
Tamar – the wife of Jacobs eldest son She was without child Onan refused to complete the sex act and thus died She was desperate and through deception had relations with Jacob (her father-in-law) Hopefully this is icky for you! I am sure it was for the Israelites
Rahab
She was the prostitute who kept the Israelites from being discovered. She later married Salmon and was the Mother of Boaz who married Ruth
The wife of Uriah the Hittite
Uriah the Hittite Husband of Bathsheba Faithful soldier loyal to David and to the Law Murdered as the result of his fidelity Bathsheba Seduced by David and conceived a child To cover the crime, David had Uriah fall in battle Uriah carried his own death warrant
Primacy of Peter in Matthew
Most Gospel accounts list Peter first when it comes to listing the apostles. Many churches that are not in full-communion with the Roman Catholic Church will still grant Peter the status of first among equals. The Eastern Catholic Churches grant the pope "primacy of honor" but not "primacy of jurisdiction" The Anglican Church as well would grant the pope "primacy of honor" Matthew however makes the singular position that Peter holds very clear Mt 16:13 – You are rock and on this rock I will build my church
Rock!
God is often referred to as "rock" in the Hebrew Scriptures Some contemporary Christians interpret this Church to be built on Peter’s faith, which also is associated with Rock Others point to the Greek form of the word which is in the feminine case and thus makes it a diminutive form so they argue that it is better translated pebble, not rock. Since this is the one Gospel that was likely to have been translated from the Hebrew original, it is unlikely that it would be this diminutive form, especially in light of the form of Peter’s name, Kephas, which in Hebrew can even mean boulder
Mark
Mark Modern Scholars assume this was the first Gospel to be written because it is the shortest Jerome makes the claim that Peter approved this version of the Gospel There is no infancy narratives in Mark’s account Scholars point to the Messianic Secret that seems to be evidenced in Mark
The Messianic Secret in Mark
Jesus is only directly associated with God on four occasions The author who tells the story (he already knows the end) When Jesus is baptized, His Father makes notes that "This is my beloved Son" The diabolical forces "we know who you are!" The Roman soldier, "Truly this man was the Son of God
The Messianic Secret in Mark
In the other Gospels, Peter confesses that Jesus is the Messiah, the Son of God, but in Mark Peter simply states, You are the Messiah.
The Demonic in Mark
They came to the other side of the sea, to the territory of the Gerasenes. When he got out of the boat, at once a man from the tombs who had an unclean spirit met him. The man had been dwelling among the tombs, and no one could restrain him any longer, even with a chain. In fact, he had frequently been bound with shackles and chains, but the chains had been pulled apart by him and the shackles smashed, and no one was strong enough to subdue him. Night and day among the tombs and on the hillsides he was always crying out and bruising himself with stones. Catching sight of Jesus from a distance, he ran up and prostrated himself before him, crying out in a loud voice, "What have you to do with me, 3 Jesus, Son of the Most High God? I adjure you by God, do not torment me!" (He had been saying to him, "Unclean spirit, come out of the man!")
My Name is Legion, We are Many
He asked him, "What is your name?" He replied, "Legion is my name. There are many of us." And he pleaded earnestly with him not to drive them away from that territory. Now a large herd of swine 5 was feeding there on the hillside. And they pleaded with him, "Send us into the swine. Let us enter them." And he let them, and the unclean spirits came out and entered the swine. The herd of about two thousand rushed down a steep bank into the sea, where they were drowned. The swineherds ran away and reported the incident in the town and throughout the countryside. And people came out to see what had happened. As they approached Jesus, they caught sight of the man who had been possessed by Legion, sitting there clothed and in his right mind. And they were seized with fear. Those who witnessed the incident explained to them what had happened to the possessed man and to the swine. Then they began to beg him to leave their district.
God is One!
Notice how Jesus in His message is calling for unity, oneness, identity with the Father. The diabolic on the other hand is always calling for division and selfish attitudes The Greek in this story changes case My name is Legion (1st person singular) We are many (2nd person plural)
Unity and Oneness as a Central Theme in Christ’s Message
In John’s Gospel Jesus is very clear on who He is and His Father’s mission Jesus says in many places "I AM" a play on the words for the very name of God (Yahweh-I am who am) Jesus prays, "May they be one in me, as I am one in you" This is a very big deal
Luke’s Gospel
To Theophilos (Friend of God) Luke 1:1-4 Since many have undertaken to compile a narrative of the events that have been fulfilled among us, just as those who were eyewitnesses from the beginning and ministers of the word have handed them down to us, I too have decided, after investigating everything accurately anew, to write it down in an orderly sequence for you, most excellent Theophilus, so that you may realize the certainty of the teachings you have received. The Infancy Narratives Jesus is born in Bethlehem to fulfill the prophecy from Micah 5:1: But you, Bethlehem-Ephrathah too small to be among the clans of Judah, From you shall come forth for me one who is to be ruler in Israel; Whose origin is from of old, from ancient times.
The Birth of the Messiah
Zechariah of the priestly division of Abijah St. John Chrysostom actually traces the schedule of temple service that was available for the year of Christ’s birth and he claimed that it was near the Winter Solstice, which occurs near December 21st. Some modern scholars suggest that the date may have been set to compete with pagan festivals which would have been celebrated near that time
Luke’s Genealogy
Jesus Joseph husband of Mary Heli Mattat Levi Melchi Jannai Joseph Mattathias Amos Nahum Esli Naggai Maath Mattathias Semain Josech Joda Joanan Rhesa Zerubbabel Shealteel Neri
Luke’s GenealogyThe Difference between Matthew’s and Luke’s Genealogies
Many modern scholars would seem to suggest that the Genealogies are merely a literary device. St. Augustine pointed out that it was common practice to adopt a son of a relative, if the person was not blessed with a son of one’s own. Other commentators suggest that the Genealogy in Luke’s Gospel is the Genealogy of Mary
John’s Gospel
John’s Gospel is thought to be the last one composed. Many argue this from what is called his "high Christology" In the beginning was the Word, and the Word was with God, and the Word was God. He was in the beginning with God. All things came to be through him, and without him nothing came to be. What came to be through him was life, and this life was the light of the human race; the light shines in the darkness, and the darkness has not overcome it. A man named John was sent from God. He came for testimony, to testify to the light, so that all might believe through him. He was not the light, but came to testify to the light. The true light, which enlightens everyone, was coming into the world. He was in the world, and the world came to be through him, but the world did not know him. He came to what was his own, but his own people did not accept him. But to those who did accept him he gave power to become children of God, to those who believe in his name, who were born not by natural generation nor by human choice nor by a man's decision but of God. And the Word became flesh and made his dwelling among us, and we saw his glory, the glory as of the Father's only Son, full of grace and truth. (from the USCCB Web site)
Paul’s Theology
Paul’s writings by most modern scholars are believed to be the earliest written works, but his "Christology" seems pretty darn high to me: Have among yourselves the same attitude that is also yours in Christ Jesus, Who, though he was in the form of God, did not regard equality with God something to be grasped. Rather, he emptied himself, taking the form of a slave, coming in human likeness; and found human in appearance, he humbled himself, becoming obedient to death, even death on a cross. Because of this, God greatly exalted him and bestowed on him the name that is above every name, that at the name of Jesus every knee should bend, of those in heaven and on earth and under the earth, and every tongue confess that Jesus Christ is Lord, to the glory of God the Father.
Light and Darkness in John’s Gospel
There are some major themes in John’s Gospel. It seems to be crafted carefully as a literary work. It does not follow the synoptic chronology very closely
Saving Truth
The Catholic Church believes that the Scriptures are inerrant as to that which relates to saving truth. If we fail to understand this principle the Bible can quickly be called into question and its inspired character questioned. Lets talk about this for a bit
At Judgment Day
I can see a modern scholar finding his way to heaven to be greeted by Adam. The scholar is dismayed, he thought Adam and Eve were just a myth. I can also see the Biblical Fundamentalist enter heaven and the person approaches and says, "I am Abujala, you might know me as Adam" The story conveyed the fact that God made me and my wife, but the names and the details were used to communicate clearly God’s intended deeper message
Our Response to Truth is What Matters
It is very important to engage in scholarly pursuits, but we must always remember what we are pursuing, the Way, the Truth and the Life, for Christians this is Jesus Christ. Others may not recognize Christ’s message, but if they truly are seeking the truth, I am convince that Christ will be found!
Paul of TarsusPresent day Turkey ~ born 10 ADSuper ApostleSaul of Tarsus
Enemy of the Christians Pharisee Tent Maker Roman Citizen Christian (His Call or is it Conversion?) Super Apostle
Enemy of Christians
Stephen said, "You received the law as transmitted by angels, but you did not observe it." When they heard this, they were infuriated, and they ground their teeth at him. But he, filled with the holy Spirit, looked up intently to heaven and saw the glory of God and Jesus standing at the right hand of God, and he said, "Behold, I see the heavens opened and the Son of Man standing at the right hand of God." But they cried out in a loud voice, covered their ears, 4 and rushed upon him together. They threw him out of the city, and began to stone him. The witnesses laid down their cloaks at the feet of a young man named Saul. As they were stoning Stephen, he called out, "Lord Jesus, receive my spirit." Acts 7: 53-59
Enemy of Christians
Now Saul was consenting to his execution. On that day, there broke out a severe persecution 1 of the church in Jerusalem, and all were scattered throughout the countryside of Judea and Samaria, except the apostles. Devout men buried Stephen and made a loud lament over him. Saul, meanwhile, was trying to destroy the church; entering house after house and dragging out men and women, he handed them over for imprisonment. Now those who had been scattered went about preaching the word. Acts 8:1-4
Pharisee
Paul considers himself a Pharisee a student of Gamaliel believed to be the same Gamaliel, the Pharisee in Acts, who argues that if the movement is not from God, it will pass away. Remember Pharisees believe in the resurrection of the dead.
Tent Maker
After this he left Athens and went to Corinth. There he met a Jew named Aquila, a native of Pontus, who had recently come from Italy with his wife Priscilla 1 because Claudius had ordered all the Jews to leave Rome. He went to visit them and, because he practiced the same trade, stayed with them and worked, for they were tentmakers by trade. Acts 18:1-3
Roman Citizen
But when they had stretched him out for the whips, Paul said to the centurion on duty, "Is it lawful for you to scourge a man who is a Roman citizen and has not been tried?" When the centurion heard this, he went to the cohort commander and reported it, saying, "What are you going to do? This man is a Roman citizen." Then the commander came and said to him, "Tell me, are you a Roman citizen?" "Yes," he answered. The commander replied, "I acquired this citizenship for a large sum of money." Paul said, "But I was born one." At once those who were going to interrogate him backed away from him, and the commander became alarmed when he realized that he was a Roman citizen and that he had had him bound. Acts 22: 25-29
Christian – Call or Conversion
I persecuted this Way to death, binding both men and women and delivering them to prison. Eve the high priest and the whole council of elders can testify on my behalf. For from them I even received letters to the brothers and set out for Damascus to bring back to Jerusalem in chains for punishment those there as well. "On that journey as I drew near to Damascus, about noon a great light from the sky suddenly shone around me. I fell to the ground and heard a voice saying to me, 'Saul, Saul, why are you persecuting me?' I replied, 'Who are you, sir?' And he said to me, 'I am Jesus the Nazorean whom you are persecuting.' My companions saw the light but did not hear the voice of the one who spoke to me. I asked, 'What shall I do, sir?' The Lord answered me, 'Get up and go into Damascus, and there you will be told about everything appointed for you to do.' Since I could see nothing because of the brightness of that light, I was led by hand by my companions and entered Damascus. "A certain Ananias, a devout observer of the law, and highly spoken of by all the Jews who lived there, came to me and stood there and said, 'Saul, my brother, regain your sight.' And at that very moment I regained my sight and saw him. Then he said, 'The God of our ancestors designated you to know his will, to see the Righteous One, and to hear the sound of his voice; for you will be his witness before all to what you have seen and heard. Now, why delay? Get up and have yourself baptized and your sins washed away, calling upon his name.' "After I had returned to Jerusalem and while I was praying in the temple, I fell into a trance and saw the Lord saying to me, 'Hurry, leave Jerusalem at once, because they will not accept your testimony about me.' But I replied, 'Lord, they themselves know that from synagogue to synagogue I used to imprison and beat those who believed in you. And when the blood of your witness Stephen was being shed, I myself stood by giving my approval and keeping guard over the cloaks of his murderers.' Acts 22: 4-20
Call or Conversion
Paul was a faithful follower of God Paul charges himself with being a fierce and wicked persecutor of Christians, so he was. I think it is important to note however that he strove to serve God sincerely… God rewarded his sincerity by literally knocking him off his horse! So Call, or conversion? I put my vote in for Call
Super Apostle
Apostle to the Gentiles Then after fourteen years I again went up to Jerusalem with Barnabas, taking Titus along also. I went up in accord with a revelation, and I presented to them the gospel that I preach to the Gentiles--but privately to those of repute--so that I might not be running, or have run, in vain. Moreover, not even Titus, who was with me, although he was a Greek, was compelled to be circumcised, but because of the false brothers secretly brought in, who slipped in to spy on our freedom that we have in Christ Jesus, that they might enslave us-- to them we did not submit even for a moment, so that the truth of the gospel might remain intact for you. But from those who were reputed to be important (what they once were makes no difference to me; God shows no partiality)--those of repute made me add nothing. On the contrary, when they saw that I had been entrusted with the gospel to the uncircumcised, just as Peter to the circumcised, for the one who worked in Peter for an apostolate to the circumcised worked also in me for the Gentiles, and when they recognized the grace bestowed upon me, James and Kephas and John, 8 who were reputed to be pillars, gave me and Barnabas their right hands in partnership, that we should go to the Gentiles and they to the circumcised. Galatians 2:1-9
Paul’s Letters
47 – 50 AD 1 Thessalonians (possibly) Date ? 2 Thessalonians 52 -57 AD Galatians ( recounting of the Council of Jerusalem) Philippians Philemon 1 Corinthians 2 Corinthians 56 -57 AD Romans 62 AD – Paul believed to be beheaded in Rome
Competing Philosophies
Epicureanism We all are merely small elements that will separate, humans are not destined for eternity. Radically Materialistic in its world view Platonism This system strives for an encounter of the human soul with the ideal forms. Counters the strict Materialistic view Stoicism There was an attempt to escape from the passions. Also a radically materialistic world view that was fatalistic.
Exegetical Aspects
It is very important to get a sense of the context of the various letters and their respective communities. The technical term for this is the Sitz im Leben Significant parallels exist in Paul Life/Death Spirit/Flesh It is very important to make the distinction between flesh (sarc) and body (soma) . The flesh is cast in something to be overcome, and this was misinterpreted and caused many to see material things as evil
Exegetical Aspects
Some scholars suggest intricate structures that exist for emphasis – chiasms Topic A, Topic B, Topic C, Topic B’, Topic A’ Topics A and B are related to A’ and B’, and thus emphasizing the central theme C. Diatribe (not a good description in modern terms – diatribe has very negative connotations) Proleptic in nature, raising a question to be answered before it is raised by others. An anticipation of others objections or questions.
General Themes in Paul
Paul’s approach Uses Philosophical arguments Also preaches the Cross Absurdity to the Gentiles Scandal to the Jews The Body of Christ Many parts, but all are integral to the functioning of the body!
Paul and the Areopagus
Paul uses his knowledge of the philosophers to engage the people in the place where such things are discussed. He notes how religious they are, they even cover all bases by having a niche for the "unknown god". Paul makes a plea to help them know Jesus who is the true and living God of gods. Some found it interesting, but seemed more taken back by the intellectual pursuit than encountering the truth as it is.
The Cross
The Cross is Absurdity to the Gentiles and Scandal to the Jews. Some scholars suggest that if one tracks the success of Paul’s preaching, it seemed most effective when the simple message of the cross was proclaimed as opposed to some philosophical rationalization. All people experience suffering – Jesus’ message gives meaning or purpose to humanity’s suffering. Paul states this mystery:
Suffering
Now I rejoice in my sufferings for your sake, and in my flesh I am filling up what is lacking in the afflictions of Christ on behalf of his body, which is the church, of which I am a minister in accordance with God's stewardship given to me to bring to completion for you the word of God, the mystery hidden from ages and from generations past. But now it has been manifested to his holy ones, to whom God chose to make known the riches of the glory of this mystery among the Gentiles; it is Christ in you, the hope for glory. Colossians 1:24-27
Paul knows Suffering
Imprisonment Shipwreck Keeping Christians Together Paul and Barnabas split after a disagreement with John Mark Hammering out a solution over Jewish Law and Gentile practice
The Mystical Body of Christ
The Church is the Body of Christ in Paul Great pains are taken to help Christians stay unified in their faith. This concept is clearly evident in John’s Gospel. Jesus prays that the believers may be one in Him, as He is one in the Father. Jesus also notes in the parable in Mt 25:45: Whatsoever you do to the least of my brethren, you do unto me! Paul develops this thought in a big way!
The Cave in Malta
Below the Church where Paul is believed to have been shipwreckedThe Great Debate
A Major issue in the early church related to the relationship with the Jewish Law and the Christian practice. How is one to reconcile the words of Jesus who is to have said, "I have not come to abolish the smallest part of the smallest letter of the Law!" and then Peter being to commanded to eat the things that are unclean. Paul makes it clear that the Spirit is manifesting itself among those who are not circumcised and thus not practicing the external prescriptions of the Jewish law.
A Helpful Approach
If one studies Exodus carefully and God’s original purpose, the Israelites were intended to be a Holy People set apart. God’s intent seemed to make all the Jewish people a people of priests. After the Golden Calf incident, and then the refusal of the Jewish people to take possession of the land, God made them wander in the desert for 40 years. In addition it was only to be the tribe of Levi that took the priestly role. There were also a host of laws and regulations that were added to the ten commandments and were thus interpreted by the priests
Christ Brings Restoration
Jesus heals the divide and invites all people to be a priestly people, a people set apart. This is echoed in Peter’s epistle 1 Peter 2: 6-10 For it says in scripture: "Behold, I am laying a stone in Zion, a cornerstone, chosen and precious, and whoever believes in it shall not be put to shame." Therefore, its value is for you who have faith, but for those without faith: "The stone which the builders rejected has become the cornerstone," and "A stone that will make people stumble, and a rock that will make them fall." They stumble by disobeying the word, as is their destiny. But you are "a chosen race, a royal priesthood, a holy nation, a people of his own, so that you may announce the praises" of him who called you out of darkness into his wonderful light. Once you were "no people" but now you are God's people; you "had not received mercy" but now you have received mercy.
Christians and the Law
Christians are bound by the 10 Commandments or the Decalogue as it is sometimes called in technical circles, but are not bound by the penitential laws instituted after the failure of the Israelites in the desert. God’s original intent is restored through Christ’s victory This point is driven home by Paul’s message This is what he means when he talks about freedom from the law.
The Debate is a Long One
Some scholars argue about the authorship of the Epistles of Peter, but you can see that there is an attempt to deal with this tension between the law. And consider the patience of our Lord as salvation, as our beloved brother Paul, according to the wisdom given to him, also wrote to you, speaking of these things as he does in all his letters. In them there are some things hard to understand that the ignorant and unstable distort to their own destruction, just as they do the other scriptures. Therefore, beloved, since you are forewarned, be on your guard not to be led into the error of the unprincipled and to fall from your own stability. But grow in grace and in the knowledge of our Lord and savior Jesus Christ. To him be glory now and to the day of eternity. (Amen.) 2 Peter 3:13-16
Paul and James
and Faith and Works
Martin Luther had focused a great deal on Paul’s Writings. Paul emphasizes how one is justified by faith and not by the law. This is indeed the case, but as found in Peter’s letter this must be understood carefully. One finds in the book of James an emphasis on how faith enables us to act and goes so far as to state in James 2:24-27: See how a person is justified by works and not by faith alone. And in the same way, was not Rahab the harlot also justified by works when she welcomed the messengers and sent them out by a different route? For just as a body without a spirit is dead, so also faith without works is dead.
Paul’s Execution
Since Paul was a Roman Citizen he was not crucified but beheaded The Church of the Three Fountains The legend is that Paul’s head, hit the ground in three places and every place it hit the ground, water began to flow. Now a Church stands in its location and you can even see the block which is claimed to be the place where his head was cut off
Paul Outside the Walls
One of the most ancient basilicas house what are believed to be the relics of Paul. In the Acts of the Apostles one discovers the practice of relics in the Church, Acts 19:11-12 So extraordinary were the mighty deeds God accomplished at the hands of Paul that when face cloths or aprons that touched his skin were applied to the sick, their diseases left them and the evil spirits came out of them.
Aside: Relics
First Class Relics The saint – a part of their physical body Second Class Relics Something that was owned by the saint Third Class Relics Something that touched a first class relic
The CommunitiesThe Unifying and Universal MessageThe "Ecclesia"
The ecclesia is the root word in English for Ecclesial which means connected to the Church The early Christian Church was expanding rapidly and was comprised of many groups The Early Church was not a "Christian" denomination, but rather a Jewish denomination
The "Catholic" Christian Church
The word "catholic" is first used by Ignatius of Antioch. An early leader of the church that was martyred and also wrote to various communities around 100 AD. Shun schisms, as the source of troubles. Let all follow the bishop as Jesus Christ did the Father, and the priests, as you would the Apostles. Reverence the deacons as you would the command of God. Apart from the bishop, let no one perform any of the functions that pertain to the Church. Let the Eucharist be held valid which is offered by the bishop or by one to whom the bishop has committed this charge. Wherever the bishop appears, there let the people be; as wherever Jesus Christ is, there is the Catholic Church., It is not lawful to baptize or give communion without the consent of the bishop. On the other hand, whatever has his approval is pleasing to God. Thus, whatever you do will be safe and valid.
The Etymology of the word Catholic
The etymology of the word catholic comes from two Greek words: kata meaning according to, while 'olike means the whole, the word has connotations of integrity, and in this context where the topic of schisms are addressed, Ignatius is concerned about people going by "according to the whole" teaching of the Apostles and not just bits and pieces or fragments of their teaching.
The Force of the Message
Christianity became such a dominant force because it was able to adapt and accommodate various approaches to God The "Way" as it is often referred to in the New Testament was something that respected Judaism, but was able to get beyond the limitations of the law.
Reason for the Penitential Laws
Why, then, the law? It was added for transgressions, until the descendant came to whom the promise had been made; it was promulgated by angels at the hand of a mediator. Now there is no mediator when only one party is involved, and God is one. Is the law then opposed to the promises (of God)? Of course not! For if a law had been given that could bring life, then righteousness would in reality come from the law. But scripture confined all things under the power of sin, that through faith in Jesus Christ the promise might be given to those who believe. Before faith came, we were held in custody under law, confined for the faith that was to be revealed. Consequently, the law was our disciplinarian for Christ, that we might be justified by faith. But now that faith has come, we are no longer under a disciplinarian. For through faith you are all children of God in Christ Jesus. For all of you who were baptized into Christ have clothed yourselves with Christ. There is neither Jew nor Greek, there is neither slave nor free person, there is not male and female; for you are all one in Christ Jesus. And if you belong to Christ, then you are Abraham's descendant, heirs according to the promise. Galatians 3:19-29
Diverse Community
Jews from birth who were drawn to Christ Jewish converts – people who were welcomed into the Jewish faith before the Revelation of Christ Gentiles who were educated and drawn to the power of Christ’s message of love The poor who in Christian circles were of equal status.
Born a Jew
This would include the Twelve Peter and the eleven were drawn to Christ and 91.77 percent of them believed He was the Messiah, 8.33 percent 1 out of 12, Judas Iscariot, betrayed Him Joseph of Arimathea – Jewish Elder provided a tomb for Jesus according to the biblical account Paul – A Pharisee and a Roman Citizen
Jewish Converts
The Jewish faith drew people to it from the force of its teaching. It is the way God chose to reveal His truth to the world. We know they exist. Jesus even warns about their zeal: Woe to you, scribes and Pharisees, hypocrites! For you cross sea and land to make a single convert, and you make the new convert twice as much a child of hell as yourselves. [NAB] Matthew 23:15
Gentiles - Pagans
These would be those who embraced the Roman and Greek Gods. Reading Paul’s writings there are many who began to follow The Way with names drawn directly from Greek Mythology and the Gentile culture. Apollos, Chloe, Titus and from Romans16:14 Greet Asyncritus, Phlegon, Hermes, Patrobas, Hermas, and the brothers and sisters who are with them. Greet Philologus, Julia, Nereus and his sister, and Olympas, and all the saints who are with them. Greet one another with a holy kiss. All the churches of Christ greet you. [NRSV]
The Poor are ultimately the reason that Christianity rises above all the rest. Poverty was seen to be a curse or the result of some sin by many people. Christianity changed all this. In fact Poverty now becomes a blessing:
Blessed are the poor in spirit, for theirs is the kingdom of heaven. Blessed are they who mourn, for they will be comforted. Blessed are the meek, for they will inherit the land. Blessed are they who hunger and thirst for righteousness, for they will be satisfied. Blessed are the merciful, for they will be shown mercy. Blessed are the clean of heart, for they will see God. Blessed are the peacemakers, for they will be called children of God. Blessed are they who are persecuted for the sake of righteousness, for theirs is the kingdom of heaven. Blessed are you when they insult you and persecute you and utter every kind of evil against you (falsely) because of me. Rejoice and be glad, for your reward will be great in heaven. Thus they persecuted the prophets who were before you. Matthew 5:3-10 Blessed are you who are poor, for the kingdom of God is yours. Blessed are you who are now hungry, for you will be satisfied. Blessed are you who are now weeping, for you will laugh. Blessed are you when people hate you, and when they exclude and insult you, and denounce your name as evil on account of the Son of Man. Rejoice and leap for joy on that day! Behold, your reward will be great in heaven. For their ancestors treated the prophets in the same way. But woe to you who are rich, for you have received your consolation. But woe to you who are filled now, for you will be hungry. Woe to you who laugh now, for you will grieve and weep. Woe to you when all speak well of you, for their ancestors treated the false prophets in this way. Luke 6:20-26
Christians and Love
Christians were called to love others without condition, not only those who saw it like they did, but even, and maybe especially, their bitter enemies! (Mat 5:38 -40 NRSV) "You have heard that it was said, 'An eye for an eye and a tooth for a tooth.‘ But I say to you, Do not resist an evildoer. But if anyone strikes you on the right cheek, turn the other also; and if anyone wants to sue you and take your coat, give your cloak as well; Matthew 5:38-40 This attitude ultimately converted the Roman Empire to Christianity
Christians are a New Creation
Christian baptism is something that incorporates all into the Body of Christ and was taken as a direct command from Christ, in fact it is the conclusion of Matthew’s Gospel: Then Jesus approached and said to them, "All power in heaven and on earth has been given to me. Go, therefore, and make disciples of all nations, baptizing them in the name of the Father, and of the Son, and of the holy Spirit, teaching them to observe all that I have commanded you. And behold, I am with you always, until the end of the age." Matthew 28:18-20
A Careful Reading of Man’s Fall
In Genesis God creates them male and female. The book notes that some scholars point out that Adam was genderless before the fall – this seems absolutely ridiculous. Such a conclusion should be termed isogesis, not exegesis! Isogesis (reading "in" the meaning) was commonly practiced by those trying to manipulate the scriptures for their own purposes, like the early Gnostics or those attempting to manipulate the simple Exegesis is attempting to "read out" the meaning
Genesis 1
Even by Josephus, a first century historian saw this as a philosophical account
of creation.
First 3 Days give Form Day 1Light and Darkness Day 2 Water and Air Day 3 Earth and Plants Next 3 Days fill the void Day 4 Sun, Moon, Stars Day 5 Fish and Birds Day 6 Animals and Man Final Day - Rest
The Fall – Genesis 2
Man experiences Original Solitude – He is alone and the animals just don’t do it for him God creates Woman (from his side) denoting a certain equality This equality is echoed in Paul: For the wife does not have authority over her own body, but the husband does; likewise the husband does not have authority over his own body, but the wife does. 1 Cor 7:4
Sin’s Consequences
God tells Adam to not eat of the tree, before Eve is created Presumably Eve is told by Adam, she does not deny the fact that she was told. Eve had to trust the word of Adam. Some scholars point to this as the establishment of the importance of tradition After they sinned they looked for coverings, because they now felt shame After God found they had sinned, God provided them "skins". Some of the early Christians saw this as the diminishment of their bodies before the fall. Christ’s glorified body, was perceived by some as a restoration of the state of our first parents before the fall.
Christ’s Restoration
Again a major theme in the New Testament is to reconcile the Jewish understanding with the New Way. In Adam, all men and women died, in Christ all are made alive again! (1 Cor 15:21-23 NRSV) For since death came through a human being, the resurrection of the dead has also come through a human being; for as all die in Adam, so all will be made alive in Christ. But each in his own order: Christ the first fruits, then at his coming those who belong to Christ.
The Christian’s Response
St. Paul makes it clear that Christians are not bound to the Jewish Ritual law, but there is a freedom that comes with Christianity that must never be confused to be license to do anything: In Romans Paul gives a list that is reveals :
Romans 1:22-32
While claiming to be wise, they became fools and exchanged the glory of the immortal God for the likeness of an image of mortal man or of birds or of four-legged animals or of snakes. Therefore, God handed them over to impurity through the lusts of their hearts for the mutual degradation of their bodies. They exchanged the truth of God for a lie and revered and worshiped the creature rather than the creator, who is blessed forever. Amen. Therefore, God handed them over to degrading passions. Their females exchanged natural relations for unnatural, and the males likewise gave up natural relations with females and burned with lust for one another. Males did shameful things with males and thus received in their own persons the due penalty for their perversity. And since they did not see fit to acknowledge God, God handed them over to their undiscerning mind to do what is improper. They are filled with every form of wickedness, evil, greed, and malice; full of envy, murder, rivalry, treachery, and spite. They are gossips and scandalmongers and they hate God. They are insolent, haughty, boastful, ingenious in their wickedness, and rebellious toward their parents. They are senseless, faithless, heartless, ruthless. Although they know the just decree of God that all who practice such things deserve death, they not only do them but give approval to those who practice them.
Freedom vs. Law
Many things are going on in this passage. Paul is addressing the Roman practice of all their idols and lascivious behavior. Freedom for Paul is not license to do anything, but rather the ability to make good choices, not to be driven by the passions.
Culture and Anachronisms
Many today want to say that the prescriptions offered by Paul are merely conditioned by his time and are not necessarily binding today. What do you think? How could one determine what is merely culturally conditioned or something more? Natural Law would be a Good place to start!
The Bible and Truth
Faith is an operation of the soul, while belief is the result of the senses. I do not believe that something is true, just because the bible says it, but rather, I believe the Bible says it because it is true. John of the Cross, a 14 century mystic spends some time reflecting on the difference between faith and belief. John Paul II wrote a doctoral dissertation on "Faith in John of the Cross" A reflection on facts will lead us to the truth.
Immorality is Destructive
Modern science reveals many dangers from the list that Paul gives us in Romans. Did you know that multiple sexual partners trashes the immune system? Every time a woman has a new partner, her immune system has to adjust -- multiple partners weakens the immune system The Psychological damage that results from sexual relations just for fun is evident. Homosexuality between males physically damages the body It is extremely unhealthy
The New Testament
and MoralityThe Ethics of JesusIn Galatians
Now the works of the flesh are obvious: immorality, impurity, licentiousness, idolatry, sorcery, hatreds, rivalry, jealousy, outbursts of fury, acts of selfishness, dissensions, factions, occasions of envy, drinking bouts, orgies, and the like. I warn you, as I warned you before, that those who do such things will not inherit the kingdom of God. In contrast, the fruit of the Spirit is love, joy, peace, patience, kindness, generosity, faithfulness, gentleness, self-control. Against such there is no law. Now those who belong to Christ (Jesus) have crucified their flesh with its passions and desires. If we live in the Spirit, let us also follow the Spirit. Let us not be conceited, provoking one another, envious of one another Galatians 5: 19-26
We see the Fruits and Dangers
Paul in Galatians like in Romans, gives us another list. The word for Sorcery is very interesting, it literally is farmakeia, transliterated – pharmakeia. This would be the modern word that derives pharmacy. In the ancient world this is sometimes translated "potions". From the Didiche 2:2 Thou shalt do no murder, thou shalt not commit adultery, thou shalt not corrupt boys, thou shalt not commit fornication, thou shalt not steal, thou shalt not deal in magic, thou shalt do no sorcery, thou shalt not murder a child by abortion nor kill them when born, thou shalt not covet thy neighbors goods. From:http://www.housechurch.org/miscellaneous/early_didiche.html
Marriage in New Testament
They said to him, "Then why did Moses command that the man give the woman a bill of divorce and dismiss (her)?" He said to them, "Because of the hardness of your hearts Moses allowed you to divorce your wives, but from the beginning it was not so. I say to you, whoever divorces his wife (unless the marriage is unlawful) and marries another commits adultery." [His] disciples said to him, "If that is the case of a man with his wife, it is better not to marry." He answered, "Not all can accept [this] word, but only those to whom that is granted. Some are incapable of marriage because they were born so; some, because they were made so by others; some, because they have renounced marriage for the sake of the kingdom of heaven. Whoever can accept this ought to accept it." Matthew 19:7-12
Ephesians 5:22-33
Be subordinate to one another out of reverence for Christ. Wives should be subordinate to their husbands as to the Lord. For the husband is head of his wife just as Christ is head of the church, he himself the savior of the body. As the church is subordinate to Christ, so wives should be subordinate to their husbands in everything. Husbands, love your wives, even as Christ loved the church and handed himself over for her to sanctify her, cleansing her by the bath of water with the word, that he might present to himself the church in splendor, without spot or wrinkle or any such thing, that she might be holy and without blemish. So (also) husbands should love their wives as their own bodies. He who loves his wife loves himself. For no one hates his own flesh but rather nourishes and cherishes it, even as Christ does the church, because we are members of his body. "For this reason a man shall leave (his) father and (his) mother and be joined to his wife, and the two shall become one flesh." This is a great mystery, but I speak in reference to Christ and the church. In any case, each one of you should love his wife as himself, and the wife should respect her husband.
Subordinate vs. Submission
Many quote this text as not recognizing the equality of women, this is just not the case! Submission – literally "sub" means "under", while "mission" is "mission". The wife is "under the mission" of the husband, but the husband’s mission is to love his wife This is a radical departure on how marriage was viewed. Women were often viewed at this time as property. Christianity elevated to the dignity of woman to a co-heir and equal to the man.
Theology of the Body
John Paul II developed the theology of the fifth chapter of Ephesians in a profound way. The marital bond, and in a particular way the connubial embrace reflects in a profound way God’s communion in His essence. God is a community of persons!
The Gospels on Divorce
Only Matthew’s Gospel has what is called the "exception" clause. Jesus in the other Gospels says divorce is not possible. Paul talks of marriage cases today. The Church recognizes something called the Pauline privilege. If two un-baptized persons divorced and now one of the two wants to enter into a Marriage with a Catholic, their first marriage is dissolved in favor of the faith of the Catholic Party.
Matthew 19
When Jesus finished these words, he left Galilee and went to the district of Judea across the Jordan. Great crowds followed him, and he cured them there. Some Pharisees approached him, and tested him, saying, "Is it lawful for a man to divorce his wife for any cause whatever?" He said in reply, "Have you not read that from the beginning the Creator 'made them male and female' and said, 'For this reason a man shall leave his father and mother and be joined to his wife, and the two shall become one flesh'? So they are no longer two, but one flesh. Therefore, what God has joined together, no human being must separate." They said to him, "Then why did Moses command that the man give the woman a bill of divorce and dismiss (her)?" He said to them, "Because of the hardness of your hearts Moses allowed you to divorce your wives, but from the beginning it was not so. I say to you, whoever divorces his wife (unless the marriage is unlawful) and marries another commits adultery." [His] disciples said to him, "If that is the case of a man with his wife, it is better not to marry." He answered, "Not all can accept [this] word, but only those to whom that is granted. Some are incapable of marriage because they were born so; some, because they were made so by others; some, because they have renounced marriage for the sake of the kingdom of heaven. Whoever can accept this ought to accept it." Mt 19:1-12
Mark 10:2-12(NRSV)
(Mark 10:2 NRSV) Some Pharisees came, and to test him they asked, "Is it lawful for a man to divorce his wife?" He answered them, "What did Moses command you?" They said, "Moses allowed a man to write a certificate of dismissal and to divorce her." But Jesus said to them, "Because of your hardness of heart he wrote this commandment for you. But from the beginning of creation, 'God made them male and female.‘ 'For this reason a man shall leave his father and mother and be joined to his wife, and the two shall become one flesh.' So they are no longer two, but one flesh. Therefore what God has joined together, let no one separate." Then in the house the disciples asked him again about this matter. He said to them, "Whoever divorces his wife and marries another commits adultery against her; and if she divorces her husband and marries another, she commits adultery." Mark 10: 2-12
An Unlawful Marriage
The Greek word is porneia or transliterated "porneia" the root word in English for Pornography In the Catholic Church this is the reason there is such a thing as what is called an annulment. Technically there is no such thing as a divorce in the Catholic Church. If two people enter into a marriage and freely and both are baptized, the marriage is a sacramental one, and divorce is impossible
The Petrine Privilege
Since Peter is seen as having what is called the power of the keys. A non-sacramental bond can be dissolved in favor of the faith by the reigning pope. The Pauline Privilege is managed at the diocesan level Annulment proceedings are completed at the local diocese.
The Gospels
The four Gospel accounts tell the story of Jesus The Apocryphal Gospel of Thomas is merely a collection of sayings The power of the message is one of universal love. C.S. Lewis, I believe made the claim that the only reason that Christianity has not conquered the would to date is because no one has lived it sufficiently well yet.
Ipsissima Verba
This is the phrase that means "the very words" often connected to Jesus’ words This is the "red letter" additions of the bible The Jesus Seminar Popular scholars who vote on what Jesus is believed to have said Red – He likely said it Pink – He may have said it Grey – He probably didn’t say it Black – Hard to imagine these words from Jesus
How to Balance Scholarship
It is important to access our own biases and also the biases of others Are the potential agendas at work? What is to gain by such an interpretation? Can you think of other criteria?
The Evangelists Goals
What did they have to gain? What did they have to lose?
Vince Lombardi
I have no interest in being good. I only have a desire to find excellence. The way to do this is to pursue perfection. We will never reach perfection on this side of the grave, but if we pursue perfection, we will find excellence Vince Lombardi – Packer team meeting
The Gospel
Be perfect, therefore, as your heavenly Father is perfect. Mt. 5:48 The Greek sense of these words I believe is more accurately translated: Be perfected now and in a continuing way, as your Heavenly Father is already perfected! I am convinced that Holiness is happiness
Summary
The general themes of reconciling both the Jewish moral code with the "Christian Way" Christians are not bound by the ritual prescriptions of the law, but are bound to be free and strive for purity. Vince Lombardi – a serious Christian ( I think he went to mass every day) at one of the first, if not the first team meeting told the players:
The EpistlesTransition - Message to Structure"Understanding"
e p i s t h m o n or epistamon which in Greek means understanding. The Epistles were understood to be something that demonstrated real and true understanding of the message or Kerygma of Jesus.
The Pastoral Epistles
1 Timothy, 2 Timothy, and Titus
These letters are generally grouped as belonging to the Pauline tradition As the Church grew, there came a need for a structure It is in these writings one finds the seminal stages of the emerging Church structure
1 Timothy
It is likely that the chief adversaries to the Christian message in these writings are not the Judaizers, but rather a group that came to be known as the Gnostics. Gnostics were a group of people that understood that it was "gnosis" or knowledge that was the key to salvation. Often times there was a rejection of the created realities, matter and creation were even sometimes considered to be evil.
Different Emphasis - Structure
In the early writings Paul the second coming was seemingly more emphasized In these writings, some believe to be written late in Paul’s career, structure became a concern
Overview of 1 Timothy
Main Issues Address (1 Tim 1:1-2) Sound Teaching (1 Tim 1:3-20) Problems of Discipline (1ti 2:1-4:16) Duties toward Others (1 Tim 5:1-6:2a) False Teaching and True Wealth (1 Tim 6:2b-19) Final Recommendation and Warning (1 Tim 6:20-21) From the Bishops Website
God’s Universal Salvific Will
God desires all people to be saved First of all, then, I ask that supplications, prayers, petitions, and thanksgivings be offered for everyone, for kings and for all in authority, that we may lead a quiet and tranquil life in all devotion and dignity. This is good and pleasing to God our savior, who wills everyone to be saved and to come to knowledge of the truth. For there is one God. There is also one mediator between God and the human race, Christ Jesus, himself human, who gave himself as ransom for all. This was the testimony at the proper time. For this I was appointed preacher and apostle (I am speaking the truth, I am not lying), teacher of the Gentiles in faith and truth. 1 Timothy 1: 1-7
Early Church Offices
Leadership Roles Episcopus - e p i i s k o p o z - overseer Prebuteros - p r e s b u t e r o z - elder Diaconos - d i a k o n o z - ministry of service In the early Church it seems the women as well may have functioned in these roles. In the Fathers of the Church there is some account of how women deacons assisted in the Baptismal rites for women catechumens In the early church there seemed to be no clear distinction between the "overseer" and the "elder" In the Catholic Church today a bishop is ordained in the "Episcopal" order While a priest is ordained a "presbyter"
Church Leadership -Bishops
This saying is trustworthy: whoever aspires to the office of bishop desires a noble task. Therefore, a bishop must be irreproachable, married only once, temperate, self- controlled, decent, hospitable, able to teach, not a drunkard, not aggressive, but gentle, not contentious, not a lover of money. He must manage his own household well, keeping his children under control with perfect dignity; for if a man does not know how to manage his own household, how can he take care of the church of God? He should not be a recent convert, so that he may not become conceited and thus incur the devil's punishment. He must also have a good reputation among outsiders, so that he may not fall into disgrace, the devil's trap. 1 Timothy 3: 1-7
Deacons
Similarly, deacons must be dignified, not deceitful, not addicted to drink, not greedy for sordid gain, holding fast to the mystery of the faith with a clear conscience. Moreover, they should be tested first; then, if there is nothing against them, let them serve as deacons. Women, similarly, should be dignified, not slanderers, but temperate and faithful in everything. Deacons may be married only once and must manage their children and their households well. Thus those who serve well as deacons gain good standing and much confidence in their faith in Christ Jesus. 1 Timothy 3: 8-13
The Pillar and Foundation of Truth
I am writing you about these matters, although I hope to visit you soon. But if I should be delayed, you should know how to behave in the household of God, which is the church of the living God, the pillar and foundation of truth. Undeniably great is the mystery of devotion, Who was manifested in the flesh, vindicated in the spirit, seen by angels, proclaimed to the Gentiles, believed in throughout the world, taken up in glory. 1 Timothy 3: 14-16
Great Challenges - Unity
Now the Spirit explicitly says that in the last times some will turn away from the faith by paying attention to deceitful spirits and demonic instructions through the hypocrisy of liars with branded consciences. They forbid marriage and require abstinence from foods that God created to be received with thanksgiving by those who believe and know the truth. For everything created by God is good, and nothing is to be rejected when received with thanksgiving, for it is made holy by the invocation of God in prayer. If you will give these instructions to the brothers, you will be a good minister of Christ Jesus, nourished on the words of the faith and of the sound teaching you have followed. Avoid profane and silly myths. Train yourself for devotion, for, while physical training is of limited value, devotion is valuable in every respect, since it holds a promise of life both for the present and for the future. This saying is trustworthy and deserves full acceptance. For this we toil and struggle, because we have set our hope on the living God, who is the savior of all, especially of those who believe. Command and teach these things. Let no one have contempt for your youth, but set an example for those who believe, in speech, conduct, love, faith, and purity. Until I arrive, attend to the reading, exhortation, and teaching. Do not neglect the gift you have, which was conferred on you through the prophetic word with the imposition of hands of the presbyterate. Be diligent in these matters, be absorbed in them, so that your progress may be evident to everyone. Attend to yourself and to your teaching; persevere in both tasks, for by doing so you will save both yourself and those who listen to you. 1 Timothy 4
General Instructions
There are also roles such as widows and how they are to be treated The Christians are to take care of their own so the Church can truly serve those who are alone and have no one to care for them
Dealing with Problems
Paul warns the people to be slow to criticize the elders or presbyters and how to deal with others Do not accept an accusation against a presbyter unless it is supported by two or three witnesses. Reprimand publicly those who do sin, so that the rest also will be afraid. I charge you before God and Christ Jesus and the elect angels to keep these rules without prejudice, doing nothing out of favoritism. Do not lay hands too readily on anyone, and do not share in another's sins. Keep yourself pure. Stop drinking only water, but have a little wine for the sake of your stomach and your frequent illnesses. Some people's sins are public, preceding them to judgment; but other people are followed by their sins. Similarly, good works are also public; and even those that are not cannot remain hidden. 1 Timothy 5: 20-25
Christian Attitudes
Christians are to foster a general sense of deference to others Slave, Rich or Poor, we must strive to respect all people and the state of life we find ourselves: Those whose masters are believers must not take advantage of them because they are brothers but must give better service because those who will profit from their work are believers and are beloved. Whoever teaches something different and does not agree with the sound words of our Lord Jesus Christ and the religious teaching is conceited, understanding nothing, and has a morbid disposition for arguments and verbal disputes. From these come envy, rivalry, insults, evil suspicions, and mutual friction among people with corrupted minds, who are deprived of the truth, supposing religion to be a means of gain. ………. Tell the rich in the present age not to be proud and not to rely on so uncertain a thing as wealth but rather on God, who richly provides us with all things for our enjoyment. Tell them to do good, to be rich in good works, to be generous, ready to share, thus accumulating as treasure a good foundation for the future, so as to win the life that is true life. O Timothy, guard what has been entrusted to you. Avoid profane babbling and the absurdities of so-called knowledge. 1 Tim 6: 2-5, 18-20
2 Timothy
Basic Outline – again from the Bishop’s website: http://www.usccb.org/nab/bible/2timothy/intro.htm Address (2 Tim 1:1-5) Exhortations to Timothy (2 Tim 1:6-2:13) Instructions Concerning False Teaching (2 Tim 2:14-4:8) Personal Requests and Final Greetings (2 Tim 4:9-22)
False Teachings
I charge you in the presence of God and of Christ Jesus, who will judge the living and the dead, and by his appearing and his kingly power: proclaim the word; be persistent whether it is convenient or inconvenient; convince, reprimand, encourage through all patience and teaching. For the time will come when people will not tolerate sound doctrine but, following their own desires and insatiable curiosity, will accumulate teachers and will stop listening to the truth and will be diverted to myths. But you, be self-possessed in all circumstances; put up with hardship; perform the work of an evangelist; fulfill your ministry. 2 Timothy 4:1-5
Titus
Main Points – from the Bishop’s website Address (Titus 1:1-4) Pastoral Charge (Titus 1:5-16) Teaching the Christian Life (Titus 2:1-3:15)
More on the Bishop
For a bishop as God's steward must be blameless, not arrogant, not irritable, not a drunkard, not aggressive, not greedy for sordid gain, but hospitable, a lover of goodness, temperate, just, holy, and self- controlled, holding fast to the true message as taught so that he will be able both to exhort with sound doctrine and to refute opponents. Titus 1:7-9
Unity is Fundamental
Avoid foolish arguments, genealogies, rivalries, and quarrels about the law, for they are useless and futile. After a first and second warning, break off contact with a heretic, realizing that such a person is perverted and sinful and stands self-condemned.
What is a Heretic?
Heresy? From "hear say" Apostate? One who denies the faith – rejects it out of hand Schismatic? One who has the basis of the faith but is unwilling to submit to Authority (e.g. followers of the Pius V society)
"Catholic Epistles"
Letters of Peter Letters of John
1 Peter
Principle Divisions – Bishops website Address (1 Peter 1:1-2) The Gift and Call of God in Baptism (1 Peter 1:3-2:10) The Christian in a Hostile World (1 Peter 2:11-4:11) Advice to the Persecuted (1 Peter 4:12-5:11) Conclusion (1 Peter 5:12-14) 1 Peter 1:1-2
Priesthood of the Baptized
But you are "a chosen race, a royal priesthood, a holy nation, a people of his own, so that you may announce the praises" of him who called you out of darkness into his wonderful light. Once you were "no people" but now you are God's people; you "had not received mercy" but now you have received mercy. beloved, I urge you as aliens and sojourners to keep away from worldly desires that wage war against the soul. Maintain good conduct among the Gentiles, so that if they speak of you as evildoers, they may observe your good works and glorify God on the day of visitation. 1 Peter 1:9-12
Aside
Henri de Lubac – Splendor of the Church There is only one priest – Jesus Christ Through Baptism we all share in the "internal" reality of that priesthood – In the Catholic Church the "ordained" priest is and "external" manifestation of that reality?
Christian Life
Likewise, you husbands should live with your wives in understanding, showing honor to the weaker female sex, since we are joint heirs of the gift of life, so that your prayers may not be hindered. Finally, all of you, be of one mind, sympathetic, loving toward one another, compassionate, humble. Do not return evil for evil, or insult for insult; but, on the contrary, a blessing, because to this you were called, that you might inherit a blessing. For: "Whoever would love life and see good days must keep the tongue from evil and the lips from speaking deceit, must turn from evil and do good, seek peace and follow after it. For the eyes of the Lord are on the righteous and his ears turned to their prayer, but the face of the Lord is against evildoers." 1 Peter 3: 7-12
Suffering to Glorify Christ
Beloved, do not be surprised that a trial by fire is occurring among you, as if something strange were happening to you. But rejoice to the extent that you share in the sufferings of Christ, so that when his glory is revealed you may also rejoice exultantly. If you are insulted for the name of Christ, blessed are you, for the Spirit of glory and of God rests upon you. But let no one among you be made to suffer as a murderer, a thief, an evildoer, or as an intriguer. But whoever is made to suffer as a Christian should not be ashamed but glorify God because of the name. 1 Peter 4: 12-16
The Ordering of the Community
Likewise, you younger members, be subject to the presbyters. And all of you, clothe yourselves with humility in your dealings with one another, for: "God opposes the proud but bestows favor on the humble." So humble yourselves under the mighty hand of God, that he may exalt you in due time. Cast all your worries upon him because he cares for you. Be sober and vigilant. Your opponent the devil is prowling around like a roaring lion looking for (someone) to devour. Resist him, steadfast in faith, knowing that your fellow believers throughout the world undergo the same sufferings. The God of all grace who called you to his eternal glory through Christ (Jesus) will himself restore, confirm, strengthen, and establish you after you have suffered a little. To him be dominion forever. Amen. 1 Peter 5 : 5-11
2 Peter
The Divisions according to the Bishops website: Address (2 Peter 1:1-2) Exhortation to Christian Virtue (2 Peter 1:3-21) Condemnation of the False Teachers (2 Peter 2:1-22) The Delay of the Second Coming (2 Peter 3:1-16) Final Exhortation and Doxology (2 Peter 3:17-18)
Consistent Call for Unity
False Teachers: Balaam, Son of Bosor or Beor also related to the Nicolaitones: Nicolaitanes The church at Ephesus (Rev. 2:6) is commended for hating the "deeds" of the Nicolaitanes, and the church of Pergamos is blamed for having them who hold their "doctrines" (15). They were seemingly a class of professing Christians, who sought to introduce into the church a false freedom or licentiousness, thus abusing Paul's doctrine of grace (compare 2 Pet. 2:15, 16, 19), and were probably identical with those who held the doctrine of Baalam (q.v.), Rev. 2:14. From: http://www.christiananswers.net/dictionary/nicolaitanes.html
1 John
The Principle Divisions – see Bishop’s website: Prologue (1 John 1:1-4) God as Light (1 John 1:5-3:10) Love for One Another (1 John 3:11-5:12) Epilogue (1 John 5:13-21)
Degrees of Sin
I write these things to you so that you may know that you have eternal life, you who believe in the name of the Son of God. And we have this confidence in him, that if we ask anything according to his will, he hears us. And if we know that he hears us in regard to whatever we ask, we know that what we have asked him for is ours. If anyone sees his brother sinning, if the sin is not deadly, he should pray to God and he will give him life. This is only for those whose sin is not deadly. There is such a thing as deadly sin, about which I do not say that you should pray. All wrongdoing is sin, but there is sin that is not deadly. We know that no one begotten by God sins; but the one begotten by God he protects, and the evil one cannot touch him. We know that we belong to God, and the whole world is under the power of the evil one. We also know that the Son of God has come and has given us discernment to know the one who is true. And we are in the one who is true, in his Son Jesus Christ. He is the true God and eternal life. Children, be on your guard against idols. 1 John 5: 13-21
Sin
In Greek hamartanein ‘ or a m a r t h m a This word has the general sense of "Missing the Mark" contrary to the word ‘Virtue which means "Hitting the Mark"
2 John and 3 John
Very brief letters of encouragement Some believe that the size may have been limited to one page of writing material
Jude (Brother of James)
May not be one of the 12, but the possibility still exists Most scholars date this later due to the references to the Gnostic issues becoming more pressing at the beginning of the 2nd century
The "Brothers" of Jesus
One of the debates among various Christian traditions is the use of the word "brothers" In Hebrew the language is much less precise, so the term can be broader and brother can be taken to mean other relatives as well. The Catholic position holds that James, and John "brothers" of the Lord are likely to be cousins or associated as family in the broader Christian community. Also this would make since in light of Jesus assigning the care of his mother to John at the cross, had he had brothers, it would have been their responsibility
Notes Week Nine
The Synoptic Gospels and Acts
The Message and the Communities
Matthew
Tradition holds that this is the first to be written, while most scholars seem
to hypothesize Mark to the first written account.
The Basic Outline -from the Bishops website
The Infancy Narrative (Matthew 1:1-2:23)
The Proclamation of the Kingdom (Matthew 3:1-7:29)
Ministry and Mission in Galilee (Matthew 8:1-11:1)
Opposition from Israel (Matthew 11:2-13:53)
Jesus, the Kingdom, and the Church (Matthew 13:54-18:35)
Ministry in Judea and Jerusalem (Matthew 19:1-25:46)
The Passion and Resurrection (Matthew 26:1-28:20)
Mark
Some believe directed to a Syro- Palestine community
Main Outline
The Preparation for the Public Ministry of Jesus (Mark 1:1-13)
The Mystery of Jesus (Mark 1:14-8:26)
The Mystery Begins to Be Revealed (Mark 8:27-9:32)
The Full Revelation of the Mystery (Mark 9:33-16:8)
The Longer Ending (Mark 16:9-20)
The Shorter Ending The Freer Logion (in the note on Mark 16:9-20)
Luke - Acts
Luke and Acts seem to be written by the same author. Theophilos – Lover of God
The Outline of Luke
The Prologue (Luke 1:1-4)
The Infancy Narrative (Luke 1:5-2:52)
The Preparation for the Public Ministry (Luke 3:1-4:13)
The Ministry in Galilee (Luke 4:14-9:50)
The Journey to Jerusalem: Luke's Travel Narrative (Luke 9:51-19:27)
The Teaching Ministry in Jerusalem (Luke 19:28-21:38)
The Passion Narrative (Luke 22:1-23:56)
The Resurrection Narrative (Luke 24:1-53)
Acts of the Apostles
The author of Acts focuses on the roles of both Peter and Paul
The Basic Outline
The Preparation for the Christian Mission (Acts 1:1-2:13)
The Mission in Jerusalem (Acts 2:14-8:3)
The Mission in Judea and Samaria (Acts 8:4-9:43)
The Inauguration of the Gentile Mission (Acts 10:1-15:35)
The Mission of Paul to the Ends of the Earth (Acts 15:36-28:31)
The Synoptics
Matthew
When it was evening, he reclined at table with the Twelve. And while they were
eating, he said," Amen, I say to you, one of you will betray me." Deeply
distressed at this, they began to say to him one after another, "Surely it is
not I, Lord?" He said in reply, "He who has dipped his hand into the dish with
me is the one who will betray me. The Son of Man indeed goes, as it is written
of him, but woe to that man by whom the Son of Man is betrayed. It would be
better for that man if he had never been born." Then Judas, his betrayer, said
in reply, "Surely it is not I, Rabbi?" He answered, "You have said so." While
they were eating, Jesus took bread, said the blessing, broke it, and giving it
to his disciples said, "Take and eat; this is my body." Then he took a cup, gave
thanks, and gave it to them, saying, "Drink from it, all of you, for this is my
blood of the covenant, which will be shed on behalf of many for the forgiveness
of sins. I tell you, from now on I shall not drink this fruit of the vine until
the day when I drink it with you new in the kingdom of my Father." Then, after
singing a hymn, they went out to the Mount of Olives. Then Jesus said to them,
"This night all of you will have your faith in me shaken, 19 for it is written:
'I will strike the shepherd, and the sheep of the flock will be dispersed'; but
after I have been raised up, I shall go before you to Galilee.“ Peter said to
him in reply, "Though all may have their faith in you shaken, mine will never
be." Then Jesus said to him, "Amen, I say to you, this very night before the
cock crows twice you will deny me three times." But he vehemently replied, "Even
though I should have to die with you, I will not deny you." And they all spoke
similarly.
Mark
And as they reclined at table and were eating, Jesus said, "Amen, I say to you,
one of you will betray me, one who is eating with me." They began to be
distressed and to say to him, one by one, "Surely it is not I?" He said to them,
"One of the Twelve, the one who dips with me into the dish. For the Son of Man
indeed goes, as it is written of him, 6 but woe to that man by whom the Son of
Man is betrayed. It would be better for that man if he had never been born."
While they were eating, he took bread, said the blessing, broke it, and gave it
to them, and said, "Take it; this is my body." Then he took a cup, gave thanks,
and gave it to them, and they all drank from it. He said to them, "This is my
blood of the covenant, which will be shed 8 for many. Amen, I say to you, I
shall not drink again the fruit of the vine until the day when I drink it new in
the kingdom of God." Then, after singing a hymn, 9 they went out to the Mount of
Olives. Then Jesus said to them, "All of you will have your faith shaken, for it
is written: 'I will strike the shepherd, and the sheep will be dispersed.' But
after I have been raised up, I shall go before you to Galilee." Peter said to
him, "Even though all should have their faith shaken, mine will not be." Then
Jesus said to him, "Amen, I say to you, this very night before the cock crows
twice you will deny me three times." But he vehemently replied, "Even though I
should have to die with you, I will not deny you." And they all spoke similarly.
A Synopsis
This is a book that has all four Gospels laid out as a comparison of the other.
It makes it much easier to compare the respective Gospels with the other.
Acts and the Old Testament
For David did not go up into heaven, but he himself said: 'The Lord said to my
Lord, "Sit at my right hand until I make your enemies your footstool."'
Therefore let the whole house of Israel know for certain that God has made him
both Lord and Messiah, this Jesus whom you crucified." Now when they heard this,
they were cut to the heart, and they asked Peter and the other apostles, "What
are we to do, my brothers?" Peter (said) to them, "Repent and be baptized, every
one of you, in the name of Jesus Christ for the forgiveness of your sins; and
you will receive the gift of the holy Spirit. For the promise is made to you and
to your children and to all those far off, whomever the Lord our God will call."
He testified with many other arguments, and was exhorting them, "Save yourselves
from this corrupt generation." Those who accepted his message were baptized, and
about three thousand persons were added that day. They devoted themselves to the
teaching of the apostles and to the communal life, to the breaking of the bread
and to the prayers. Awe came upon everyone, and many wonders and signs were done
through the apostles. All who believed were together and had all things in
common; they would sell their property and possessions and divide them among all
according to each one's need. Every day they devoted themselves to meeting
together in the temple area and to breaking bread in their homes. They ate their
meals with exultation and sincerity of heart, praising God and enjoying favor
with all the people. And every day the Lord added to their number those who were
being saved.
Acts 2: 34-47
The Early Church
We see in the previous passage that they devoted themselves to the teaching of
the apostles
The also saw the importance of baptism
In Greek the word baptism from
baptizo
Means
To Wash
To Cleans
To immerse
Repent
Literally the word repent means to “turn around – to travel in a different
direction
In Acts they point out how many of the leaders failed to recognize Jesus and
wrongly put him to death
Can you imagine how hard it would have been to believe Jesus and His followers
The Old Testament Context
Repent, therefore, and be converted, that your sins may be wiped away, and that
the Lord may grant you times of refreshment and send you the Messiah already
appointed for you, Jesus, whom heaven must receive until the times of universal
restoration of which God spoke through the mouth of his holy prophets from of
old. For Moses said: 'A prophet like me will the Lord, your God, raise up for
you from among your own kinsmen; to him you shall listen in all that he may say
to you. Everyone who does not listen to that prophet will be cut off from the
people.' Moreover, all the prophets who spoke, from Samuel and those afterwards,
also announced these days. You are the children of the prophets and of the
covenant that God made with your ancestors when he said to Abraham, 'In your
offspring all the families of the earth shall be blessed.' For you first, God
raised up his servant and sent him to bless you by turning each of you from your
evil ways."
Acts 3:19-26
The Universal Aspect of the Message
They brought them into their presence and questioned them, "By what power or by
what name have you done this?" Then Peter, filled with the holy Spirit, answered
them, "Leaders of the people and elders: If we are being examined today about a
good deed done to a cripple, namely, by what means he was saved, then all of you
and all the people of Israel should know that it was in the name of Jesus Christ
the Nazarean whom you crucified, whom God raised from the dead; in his name this
man stands before you healed. He is 'the stone rejected by you, the builders,
which has become the cornerstone.' There is no salvation through anyone else,
nor is there any other name under heaven given to the human race by which we are
to be saved." Observing the boldness of Peter and John and perceiving them to be
uneducated, ordinary men, they were amazed, and they recognized them as the
companions of Jesus. Then when they saw the man who had been cured standing
there with them, they could say nothing in reply. So they ordered them to leave
the Sanhedrin, and conferred with one another, saying, "What are we to do with
these men? Everyone living in Jerusalem knows that a remarkable sign was done
through them, and we cannot deny it.
Acts 4: 7-16
Communism?
The community of believers was of one heart and mind, and no one claimed that
any of his possessions was his own, but they had everything in common. With
great power the apostles bore witness to the resurrection of the Lord Jesus, and
great favor was accorded them all. There was no needy person among them, for
those who owned property or houses would sell them, bring the proceeds of the
sale, and put them at the feet of the apostles, and they were distributed to
each according to need. Thus Joseph, also named by the apostles Barnabas (which
is translated "son of encouragement"), a Levite, a Cypriot by birth, sold a
piece of property that he owned, then brought the money and put it at the feet
of the apostles.
Acts 4: 32-37
Aside
How is the Communism of today different than the ideal set forth in the Bible?
Human Nature is the key difference – communism at the heart denies human nature
– the individual has absolute no worth other than to serve the “state”
In Christianity – Humanity has infinite worth and discovers its dignity in
serving other human beings
Not a Perfect World
A man named Ananias, however, with his wife Sapphira, sold a piece of property.
He retained for himself, with his wife's knowledge, some of the purchase price,
took the remainder, and put it at the feet of the apostles. But Peter said, "Ananias,
why has Satan filled your heart so that you lied to the holy Spirit and retained
part of the price of the land? While it remained unsold, did it not remain
yours? And when it was sold, was it not still under your control? Why did you
contrive this deed? You have lied not to human beings, but to God." When Ananias
heard these words, he fell down and breathed his last, and great fear came upon
all who heard of it. The young men came and wrapped him up, then carried him out
and buried him. After an interval of about three hours, his wife came in,
unaware of what had happened. Peter said to her, "Tell me, did you sell the land
for this amount?" She answered, "Yes, for that amount." Then Peter said to her,
"Why did you agree to test the Spirit of the Lord? Listen, the footsteps of
those who have buried your husband are at the door, and they will carry you
out." At once, she fell down at his feet and breathed her last. When the young
men entered they found her dead, so they carried her out and buried her beside
her husband. And great fear came upon the whole church and upon all who heard of
these things.
Acts 5:1-11
The Authorities Conclusion
The God of our ancestors raised Jesus, though you had him killed by hanging him
on a tree. God exalted him at his right hand 5 as leader and savior to grant
Israel repentance and forgiveness of sins. We are witnesses of these things, as
is the holy Spirit that God has given to those who obey him." When they heard
this, they became infuriated and wanted to put them to death. But a Pharisee in
the Sanhedrin named Gamaliel, a teacher of the law, respected by all the people,
stood up, ordered the men to be put outside for a short time, and said to them,
"Fellow Israelites, be careful what you are about to do to these men. Some time
ago, Theudas appeared, claiming to be someone important, and about four hundred
men joined him, but he was killed, and all those who were loyal to him were
disbanded and came to nothing. After him came Judas the Galilean at the time of
the census. He also drew people after him, but he too perished and all who were
loyal to him were scattered. So now I tell you, have nothing to do with these
men, and let them go. For if this endeavor or this activity is of human origin,
it will destroy itself. But if it comes from God, you will not be able to
destroy them; you may even find yourselves fighting against God." They were
persuaded by him. After recalling the apostles, they had them flogged, ordered
them to stop speaking in the name of Jesus, and dismissed them. So they left the
presence of the Sanhedrin, rejoicing that they had been found worthy to suffer
dishonor for the sake of the name. And all day long, both at the temple and in
their homes, they did not stop teaching and proclaiming the Messiah, Jesus.
Acts 5: 30-42
Interesting Points
Remember Gamaliel?
Was this not the Rabbi that instructed Paul?
God always seems to leave room for the operation of faith.
What is a the core of our own beliefs… do we merely want to be right, or do we
want to know the truth?
This is an important question and probably not easily answered.
The Seven Deacons
So the Twelve called together the community of the disciples and said, "It is
not right for us to neglect the word of God to serve at table. Brothers, select
from among you seven reputable men, filled with the Spirit and wisdom, whom we
shall appoint to this task, whereas we shall devote ourselves to prayer and to
the ministry of the word." The proposal was acceptable to the whole community,
so they chose Stephen, a man filled with faith and the holy Spirit, also Philip,
Prochorus, Nicanor, Timon, Parmenas, and Nicholas of Antioch, a convert to
Judaism. They presented these men to the apostles who prayed and laid hands on
them. The word of God continued to spread, and the number of the disciples in
Jerusalem increased greatly; even a large group of priests were becoming
obedient to the faith.
Acts 6: 2-8
The Authority Structure
It was the twelve who laid hands on them, on them which the community approved
In the ordination rite for deacons today it is part of the rite in the Catholic
Church
The People approve, usually by applause, and the bishop lays hands on the
deacon.
The Rite Today
Invitation to Prayer
My Dear People, let us pray that the all-powerful Father will pour out His
blessing on the servant of hHis whom He receives into the holy order of deacons
All Kneel and the Litany of Saints is sung
The Bishop Prays:
Lord God, hear our petitions and give your help to this act of our ministry. We
judge this man worthy to serve as deacon and we ask you to bless him and to make
him holy. Grant this through Christ our Lord
All Respond: Amen!
The Bishop then lays hands on the Candidate in silence
Prayer of Consecration
The Bishop Says:
Almighty God, be present with us by your power. You are the source of all honor,
you assign to each his rank, you give to each his ministry. You remain
unchanged, but you watch over all creation and make it new through your Son,
Jesus Christ, our Lord: He is your Word, your power, and you wisdom. You foresee
all things in your eternal providence and make due provision for every age. You
make the Church, Christ’s body, grow to its full stature as a new and greater
temple. You enrich it with every kind of grace and perfect it with a diversity
of members to serve the whole body in a wonderful pattern of unity.
You established a threefold ministry of worship and service for the glory of
your name. As ministers of your tabernacle you chose the sons of Levi and gave
them your blessing as their everlasting inheritance. IN the first days of your
Church under the inspiration of the Holy Spirit the apostles of your son
appointed seven men of good repute to assist them in the daily ministry, so that
they themselves might be more free for prayer and preaching. By prayer and the
laying on of the hands the apostles entrusted to those chosen men the ministry
of serving at tables.
The Rite Continues
The Bishop continues:
Lord look with favor on this servant of yours whom we now dedicate to the office
of deacon, to minister at your holy altar.
Lord send forth upon him the Holy Spirit, that he may be strengthened by the
gift of your sevenfold grace to carry out faithfully the work of the ministry.
May he excel in every virtue: in love that is sincere, in concern for the sick
and the poor, in unassuming authority, in self-discipline, and in holiness of
life.
May his conduct exemplify you commandments May he remain strong and steadfast in
Christ, giving to the world the witness of a pure conscience. May he in this
life imitate your son, who came not to be served, but to serve, and on day reign
with him in heaven. We Ask this through our Lord Jesus Christ, your Son who
lives and reigns with you an the Holy Spirit, one God for ever and ever.
Amen
Other signs of the Office
The Deacon receives and wears the stole that goes over the left shoulder and a
dalmatic, a vestment that is appropriate to his office
The deacon then receives the Book of the Gospels, the bishop says:
Receive the Gospel of Christ, whose hearald you now are, believe what you read,
teach what you believe, and practice what you teach
Stephen’s Testimony – Acts 7
The testimony of Stephen the first martyr is an eloquent witness to God’s Plan
of salvation.
He recounts the significant aspects of Jewish History from Abraham through the
deliverance of the Jewish people for the hands of the Egyptians to the Davidic
Kingdom
He points out how the prophets did not fare so well in the past.
Acts and Paul (Saul)
It is in Acts we also see how Paul came to become one of Christianity’s early
advocates.
He was “knocked of his horse” and “saw the light”.
Paul’s Call
Now Saul, still breathing murderous threats against the disciples of the Lord,
went to the high priest and asked him for letters to the synagogues in Damascus,
that, if he should find any men or women who belonged to the Way, he might bring
them back to Jerusalem in chains. On his journey, as he was nearing Damascus, a
light from the sky suddenly flashed around him. He fell to the ground and heard
a voice saying to him, "Saul, Saul, why are you persecuting me?" He said, "Who
are you, sir?" The reply came, "I am Jesus, whom you are persecuting. Now get up
and go into the city and you will be told what you must do." The men who were
traveling with him stood speechless, for they heard the voice but could see no
one. Saul got up from the ground, but when he opened his eyes he could see
nothing; so they led him by the hand and brought him to Damascus.
Acts 9:1-8
Peter’s Prominence
There are several stories with interesting characteristics
The people who deceitfully held back there gifts and tried to hide their deceit
A man named Ananias, however, with his wife Sapphira, sold a piece of property.
He retained for himself, with his wife's knowledge, some of the purchase price,
took the remainder, and put it at the feet of the apostles. But Peter said, "Ananias,
why has Satan filled your heart so that you lied to the holy Spirit and retained
part of the price of the land? While it remained unsold, did it not remain
yours? And when it was sold, was it not still under your control? Why did you
contrive this deed? You have lied not to human beings, but to God." When Ananias
heard these words, he fell down and breathed his last, and great fear came upon
all who heard of it.
Acts 5:1-5
Peter and Paul Raise the Dead
Now in Joppa there was a disciple named Tabitha (which translated means Dorcas).
She was completely occupied with good deeds and almsgiving. Now during those
days she fell sick and died, so after washing her, they laid (her) out in a room
upstairs. Since Lydda was near Joppa, the disciples, hearing that Peter was
there, sent two men to him with the request, "Please come to us without delay."
So Peter got up and went with them. When he arrived, they took him to the room
upstairs where all the widows came to him weeping and showing him the tunics and
cloaks that Dorcas had made while she was with them. Peter sent them all out and
knelt down and prayed. Then he turned to her body and said, "Tabitha, rise up."
She opened her eyes, saw Peter, and sat up.
Acts 9:36-40
Paul’s Turn
Council of Jerusalem
When they arrived in Jerusalem, they were welcomed by the church, as well as by
the apostles and the presbyters, and they reported what God had done with them.
But some from the party of the Pharisees who had become believers stood up and
said, "It is necessary to circumcise them and direct them to observe the Mosaic
law." 3 The apostles and the presbyters met together to see about this matter.
After much debate had taken place, Peter got up and said to them, "My brothers,
you are well aware that from early days God made his choice among you that
through my mouth the Gentiles would hear the word of the gospel and believe. And
God, who knows the heart, bore witness by granting them the holy Spirit just as
he did us. He made no distinction between us and them, for by faith he purified
their hearts. Why, then, are you now putting God to the test by placing on the
shoulders of the disciples a yoke that neither our ancestors nor we have been
able to bear? On the contrary, we believe that we are saved through the grace of
the Lord Jesus, in the same way as they." The whole assembly fell silent, and
they listened while Paul and Barnabas described the signs and wonders God had
worked among the Gentiles through them.
Acts 15:4-12
Church Councils
It is through the Church councils that we ultimately have what we call the bible
today.
It was the Council of Nicea in 325 AD where the Christian authorities came up
with an agreed upon list as to what to include in what we call the New Testament
today.
I believe it was Iraneus in 190’s that proposed a similar list
Authority
In the Acts of the Apostles one can certainly see the seminal stages of an
emerging authority.
It was becoming evident that there needed to be some way to sift through the
diverging opinions and perceived implications of the Gospel
Notes Week Ten
John, Hebrews and the Apocalypse
The Beloved Disciple
The Prologue
In the Beginning!
Like the Book of Genesis, the author sets the stage and points to the
significance of Jesus the Christ
Jesus the Word is placed at the very heart of Creation – already present in the
past tense… in the beginning WAS the Word, and the Word WAS with God and the God
was the Word!
Aside – Redemptor Hominus
John Paul II’s first encyclical
THE REDEEMER OF MAN, Jesus Christ, is the centre of the universe and of history.
To him go my thoughts and my heart in this solemn moment of the world that the
Church and the whole family of present-day humanity are now living.
The Word became Flesh
In the beginning was the Word, and the Word was with God, and the Word was God.
He was in the beginning with God. All things came to be through him, and without
him nothing came to be. What came to be through him was life, and this life was
the light of the human race; 4 the light shines in the darkness, and the
darkness has not overcome it. A man named John was sent from God. He came for
testimony, to testify to the light, so that all might believe through him. He
was not the light, but came to testify to the light. The true light, which
enlightens everyone, was coming into the world. He was in the world, and the
world came to be through him, but the world did not know him. He came to what
was his own, but his own people did not accept him. But to those who did accept
him he gave power to become children of God, to those who believe in his name,
who were born not by natural generation nor by human choice nor by a man's
decision but of God. And the Word became flesh and made his dwelling among us,
and we saw his glory, the glory as of the Father's only Son, full of grace and
truth.
An Interlinear Look
In (a) beginning was (a) word
en
arxh hn logos
And the Word was with the God
kai
o logos hn pros ton theos
And (a) God was the Word
kai theos hn o logos
An apologetic point
Jehovah Witnesses often point to this part of John’s Gospel to argue that Jesus
in not God, but merely the Son of God and therefore distinct from God.
The point is made concerning the definite and indefinite articles in the
passage.
An indefinite article is the “a” or “an” while the definite article is “the”.
There is a certain precision or difference from “a cat” or “the cat”
A God?
Looking at the text closely, it literally states that the a God was the Word
In Greek there is no “indefinite” article so they are assumed if the “definite
article is not present.
There is still a problem if one looks at the scripture in a “literalistic” mode.
If Jesus is the Word, then the Word must be “false” god, because there is only
one God, and if the word is a God, He must be either the “true” God, or a false
god.
So Jesus must be a false god or must be one in the True God – Christian history
argues for the latter
John’s Gospel
John’s Gospel is not one of the Synoptics
Jesus cleanses the temple at the beginning of His ministry, in the other Gospels
this event occurs later.
Jesus is also methodical in the signs that He works
Jesus’ First Sign – Water into Wine
On the third day there was a wedding in Cana in Galilee, and the mother of Jesus
was there. Jesus and his disciples were also invited to the wedding. When the
wine ran short, the mother of Jesus said to him, "They have no wine." (And)
Jesus said to her, "Woman, how does your concern affect me? My hour has not yet
come." His mother said to the servers, "Do whatever he tells you." Now there
were six stone water jars there for Jewish ceremonial washings, each holding
twenty to thirty gallons. Jesus told them, "Fill the jars with water." So they
filled them to the brim. Then he told them, "Draw some out now and take it to
the headwaiter." So they took it. And when the headwaiter tasted the water that
had become wine, without knowing where it came from (although the servers who
had drawn the water knew), the headwaiter called the bridegroom and said to him,
"Everyone serves good wine first, and then when people have drunk freely, an
inferior one; but you have kept the good wine until now."
John 2:1-10
The Other Signs
Cana (ceremonial washings transformed
Cure of the Official’s son
Cure of the Paralytic at the Pool of Siloam
Multiplication of the loaves (Bread of Life)
Walking on Water
The Man born Blind
Lazarus raised from the dead
Bread of Life Discourse
John’s Gospel emphasizes the Eucharist in a different way from the other Gospels
The crowd is following Jesus and Jesus charges that they only want material
things, material food, but He is the Bread of Life
Salvation and Life in John
John 3
Jesus answered, "Amen, amen, I say to you, no one can enter the kingdom of God
without being born of water and Spirit. What is born of flesh is flesh and what
is born of spirit is spirit. Do not be amazed that I told you, 'You must be born
from above.'
John 6
Jesus said to them, "Amen, amen, I say to you, unless you eat the flesh of the
Son of Man and drink his blood, you do not have life within you. Whoever eats my
flesh and drinks my blood has eternal life, and I will raise him on the last
day.
Catholic Christianity
There are many “theological” pairs in the Catholic Church
It is not faith alone or works alone but BOTH faith AND works
It is not faith alone or reason alone, but BOTH faith AND reason
BOTH being baptized AND receiving the Body and Blood of Christ are important
Who is Born Again?
Many Christians have powerful personal experiences which are often categorized
as the “Born Again” experience.
They would point to the third chapter of John as their rationale.
No one can legitimately question their experience
Ancient Christian Understanding
From antiquity the experience of Baptism would be this “Born Again” experience.
If someone asks me, “Was I born again” I would reply certainly, I think I was
about 8 days old.
By saying this I do not mean to belittle the powerful experiences many
Ch